The Standard Malaysian Name for the timbers of the family Burseraceae. Vernacular names applied include kedondong (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), with various epithets, kembayu (Sabah), kerantai (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), pamatadon (Sabah), seladah (Sarawak) and senggeh (Peninsular Malaysia). Major species include Canarium apertum, C.littorale, C.pseudosumatranum; D.acroydescostata, D.incurvata; Santiriaapiculata, S.conferta, S.tomentosa; Scutinanthebrunnea; and Triommamalaccensis. The sapwood is usually lighter in colour than the heartwood and not well defined from the heartwood. However, in Santiriagriffithii and S.rubiginosa, the sapwood is well defined. The heartwood varies in colour from light yellow in Canarium apertum to yellow-green-brown in S. griffithii and S. rubiginosa to the common light red-brown and deep red-brown of the other species.
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Light Hardwoods - Kedondong
Also known as Kedondong (Brunei); Talat (Cambodia); Kaunicina (Fiji); Karapukongiliam and White dhup (India); Bayung, Bosi, Kembajau, Kenari, Kerantai, Merasamputih, Merdondong, Ranggarai, Resung and Unggit (Indonesia); Canarium and Galip (Papua New Guinea); Dao, Gisaun, Kamingi, Kalaua, Pagsahingin, Pili and Pilingliitan (Philippines); Ma�ali (Samoa Islands); Kekuna (Sri Lanka); Ma Koem (Thailand); and Cham (Vietnam).
DENSITY
The timber is a Light Hardwood with a density of 495-980 kg/m3 air dry and average density of 705 kg/m3 air dry.
NATURAL DURABILITY
Jackson (1965) classified this timber as not durable if exposed to weather or in direct contact with the ground. The average service life for the species tested is 1.2 years. The sapwood of the timber is liable to heavy attack by powder-post beetles due to its high starch content. It was reported by Desch (1941) that the heartwood can be readily attacked by drywood termites.
PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT
The timber of kedondong has been found to be very difficult to treat with preservatives
TEXTURE
Texture is fairly fine and even, with shallowly or deeply interlocked grain.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
The timber falls into Strength Group C (Engku, 1988b) or SG 5 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).
| Timber Species | Test Condition | Modulus of Elasticity(MPa) | Modulus of Rupture(MPa) | Compression parallel to grain (MPa) | Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) | Shear strength(MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C.littorale F.Rufum | Green | - | - | 29.6 | 2.94 | 7.2 |
| Air dry | - | - | - | - | - | |
| C.Megalanthum | Green | 65 | 11,700 | 35.0 | 4.62 | 9.3 |
| Air dry | 81 | 12,900 | 43.7 | 6.41 | 11.8 | |
| S.Laevigata | Green | 64 | 11,200 | 31.8 | - | 8.0 |
| Air dry | 81 | 12,100 | 43.1 | - | 10.9 |
MACHINING PROPERTIES
The working quality of the timber is variable, ranging from easy to very difficult to work, due to the presence of silica and deeply interlocked grain. Planing is easy to slightly difficult and a smooth surface is often obtained although in some cases, severe picking-up of the grain has been noted.
| Species | Test Condition | Sawing | Planning | Boring | Turning | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Re Sawing | Cross Cutting | Ease of planing | Quality of finish | Ease of boring | Quality of finish | Ease of Turning | Quality of finish | ||
| C.littorale F.Rufum | Green | Easy | Easy | Easy | Smooth | Easy | Slightly Rough | - | - |
| Air dry | Slightly Difficult | Slightly Difficult | Modrately Easy | Modrately Smooth | Easy | Slightly Rough | Difficult | Smooth | |
| C.Megalanthum | Green | Difficult | Very Difficult | Easy | Modrately Smooth | Easy | Smooth | - | - |
| Air dry | Very Difficult | Very Difficult | Slightly Difficult | Rough | Very Difficult | Rough | Difficult | Modrately Smooth | |
| S.Laevigata | Green | Difficult | Difficult | Slightly Difficult | Modrately Smooth | Difficult | Smooth to Slightly Rough | - | - |
| Air dry | Very Difficult | Very Difficult | Slightly Difficult | Modrately Smooth | Difficult | Slightly Rough | Slightly Difficult | Modrately Smooth | |
Nailing Property
Nailing property is good.
Air drying
Seasoning properties for some species are summarised below:
| Species | Time to air dry (Months) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13 mm thick boards | 38 mm thick boards | ||
| C.littorale F.Rufum | 3.5 | 4 | Fairly slow drying; powder-post beetle attacks; slight cupping, bowing, splitting and staining. |
| C.Laevigata | 2 | 6 | Fairly slow drying; powder-post beetle attacks; slight cupping, end-checking and surface-checking. |
| S.Tomentosa | 3 | 5 | Fairly slow drying; powder post-beetle and sapstain fungi attacks. |
Kiln-Drying
Kiln Schedule J is recommended for Canarium spp. 25 mm thick boards take 6 days to dry.
| Moisture Content(%) | Temperature (Dry Bulb) | Temperature (Wet Bulb) | Relative Humidity (%)(approx.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | F | F | F | ||
| Green | 135 | 57.0 | 123 | 50.5 | 70 |
| 50 | 135 | 57.0 | 119 | 48.0 | 60 |
| 40 | 140 | 60.0 | 118 | 47.5 | 50 |
| 30 | 150 | 65.5 | 121 | 49.0 | 40 |
| 20 | 170 | 76.5 | 127 | 53.0 | 30 |
SHRINKAGE
The shrinkage characteristics for some species are summarised below:
| Species | Shrinkage (%)(Green to air dry) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Radial | Tangential | ||
| C.littorale F.Rufum | 2.4 | 4.1 | Very high shrinkage |
| S.Laevigata | 1.8 | 3.2 | High shrinkage |
| S.Tomentosa | 2.4 | 3.5 | High shrinkage |
MOVEMENT IN SERVICE
The movement of seasoned timber is classified under Type II.
DEFECTS
The defects that are associated with the timbers of kedondong are the presence of knots and pin-holes on the surface. The timber of several species appears to be very liable to attack by blue-stain fungi soon after felling (Desch, 1941).
Uses
The timber is suitable as a general utility timber for posts, beams, joists, rafters, medium heavy structures, railway sleepers, vehicle bodies (framework and floor boards), planking, cladding, plywood, tool handles (non-impact), particleboard, flooring, furniture, packing boxes and crates as well as pallets (expendable and permanent light duty types).
REFERENCES
Ahmad Shakri Mat Seman.1983. Malaysian Timbers - Kedondong. Timber Trade Leaflet No.73. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
Desch, H.E.1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malay. For.Rec. No.15.
Engku Abdul Rahman Chik.1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.
Jackson,W.F.1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers.Malay. For. Ser.Trade Leaflet No.28.
Menon,P.K.B.1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No.31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.48 pp.
MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.
Wong, T.M.1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. & Chung, R.C.K. Malayan Forest Records No.30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.